How to coach with nature effectively and create transformation in your clients’ lives

This article comes from a piece of work I did while completing my MSc in Consciousness, Spirituality and Transpersonal Psychology. It became a chapter in the Transpersonal Coaching Handbook, which is currently being revised for a second edition (will share that here once it’s live!).

As a scientist-practitioner, I’m fascinated by the dance between both. Practice informs science. Science improves practice. When you combine both, it enhances the power of the work you do. For the last five years, this is pathway I’ve walked and what underpins the results my clients gets.

Understanding Transpersonal Coaching

As a coaching approach, transpersonal coaching is difficult to define (Sparrow, 2007). This is not helped by the fragmented nature of coaching psychology literature which tends to focus on specific types of coaching approaches or interventions (Passmore & Theeboom, 2015).

Sadly, evidence-based research on transpersonal coaching is underdeveloped in comparison to other coaching approaches, though this will change due to the large body of transpersonal research that can be now applied to coaching (Rowan, 2014).

As such, this paper starts with the assumption a function of transpersonal coaching is to create transformation in a person’s life. Therefore, this paper will first consider what transformation is and why it is a necessary component of transpersonal coaching.

Secondly, the paper will explore why nature is a valuable tool in transpersonal coaching and how the use of nature in transpersonal coaching has the potential to create transformation.

Thirdly, it will identify ways in which nature can be used in transpersonal coaching, touching upon a nature-connected process the author has developed and uses with clients.

Taylor (2013) defines transformation as an experience or set of experiences that deconstruct a person’s understanding of self and helps to create a new identity that involves changes in values, beliefs, attitudes and lifestyle choices.

Lasley, Kellogg, Michaels, & Brown (2015) state that transformation is a powerful change that comes from a state of deep awareness and creates a new way of looking at life and encourages people to forge new paths. Within transpersonal psychology there are three key themes, one of which is as a psychology of transformation (Hartelius, Caplan & Rardin, 2007).

If transpersonal psychology is a psychology of transformation, then it follows that transpersonal coaching is coaching for transformation. This takes the idea that the function of transpersonal coaching is to create transformation in a person’s life beyond assumption.

Lasley, Kellogg, Michaels & Brown (2015) state that the function of coaching itself is to create transformation, making no reference to transpersonal coaching. Nevertheless, they consider the coaching relationship as sacred and make explicit suggests suggestions to bringing soul and spirit into coaching. In essence, they are talking about transpersonal coaching without naming it as such.

Whitmore (2009) also highlights that transpersonal coaching is a powerful tool for transformation, especially into today’s climate of crisis as it helps provide a stable foundation upon which to build on within the coaching relationship.

Despite there being a lack of evidence based research to currently support the validity of transpersonal coaching there are a number of practitioners of transpersonal coaching who tout its benefits and state that it is extremely effective in developing leadership skills and teams (Whitmore, 2009); as a pathway to create personal and social change (Lasley, Kellogg, Michaels & Brown, 2015); has the potential to help organisations achieve true Corporate Social Responsibility (Law, Lancaster & Giovianni, 2010); as a way of going beyond ego, thoughts and action that block an individual’s growth (Dangeli, 2017a) and works best in solving problems and helping people find meaning and purpose in life (Whitmore & Einzig, 2010).

As a Professional Certified Coach (PCC) with the International Coach Federation (ICF), I have practiced coaching with nature for over a decade. I also train other coaches in an evidence-based ‘Transformational Change with Nature Coach Training Program’ that is aligned with the ICF core competencies. This approach to coaching could be considered a transpersonal coaching approach due to its way of working with nature.

Anderson (2011) highlights that what is considered unconscious, symbolic or imaginal processes in our western culture is, in indigenous cultures fully integrated with the sensory experiences of the Earth which are seen as patterns, symbols and visions.

Within my own coaching practice, I am pioneering the development of Earth Connected Coaching. Earth Connected Coaching offers a modern day Scottish indigenous approach into coaching that is now grounded into an evidence-base through the combined impact of research and practice.

What I discovered with my clients is that when we connect to nature, it can act as a gateway into a conscious relationship with the Earth. Earth Connection is a subjective sense of feeling part of the Earth that helps an individual gain a clearer sense of who they are and connects them to a divine cycle of life. It is a conscious relationship that recognises the interconnectedness of the Earth’s ecosystem and creates an awareness of the need to support the Earth as the Earth supports humanity (Jayne, 2020).

The Importance of Nature in Transpersonal Coaching

Nature is a valuable tool in transpersonal coaching as when an individual engages with the natural world there are a number of immediate benefits for our clients. Not only does their health improve (Han, 2009; Moore et al., 2006; Maller et al., 2009) but the body’s ability to cope with stress increases (Lottrup, Grahn & Stigsdotter, 2013; Hartig et al., 2003; Thompson et al, 2012; Ulrich et al., 1991).

Blood pressure reduces (Tsunetsugu et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2014), the heart slows down (Cracknell, 2013; Song et al., 2014) and the body experiences an increase in parasympathetic nerve activity, which promotes a sense of rest and relaxation (Tsunetsugu et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2014; Song et al., 2014). Our clients are able to think better after interacting with nature (Blair, 2009; Lottrup et al., 2013; Shin et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2014) and also experience less depression, anger, aggression and stress (Kuo & Sullivan, 2001a, 2001b; Morita et al., 2007).

By having a client spend time in nature during a coaching session, we are focusing attention immediately upon creating optimal conditions to work with our client.

Transpersonal coaching works because it considers the whole person; body, mind and spirit (Dangeli, 2017b). Through tapping into the health benefits for the body and mind by enabling our clients to spend time in nature, we make it easier for our clients to connect with spirit.

Indeed, the part of the brain that controls self-rumination experiences a reduction in activity after ninety minutes walking in a natural setting (Bratman et al., 2015). Our clients’ brains start to function differently in nature, which supports the potential for transformation.

Furthermore, Taylor (2012) suggests that spending time in nature is a frequent trigger of awakening experiences; those experiences that have the potential to create transformation in an individual’s life. According to Taylor’s (2012) research, psychological turmoil and nature are the top two sources of spontaneous awakening experiences; those experiences that are not consciously sought through religious or spiritual practice.

Therefore, using nature as a tool in transpersonal coaching has the potential to help trigger a spontaneous awakening experience in an individual during an actual coaching session. But how can we help facilitate this as a transpersonal coach?

Before using nature as a tool for transformation in transpersonal coaching we first must consider the immediate needs for the client with regards to spending time in nature.

For example, if a client is experiencing burnout, which is a form of physical, psychological, social and spiritual suffering that happens when our existing ways of being in the world no longer function effectively and starts to fall apart, what is first needed, according to Wright (2005), are the 3R’s: rest, re-energising and recuperation.

In this circumstance, what the client needs most is contact with the natural world to support their need for rest, re-energising and recuperation. However, it is important to ensure that clients experience a state of mindful awareness when out in nature to ensure they harness the full benefits of contact with nature upon their well-being (Mantler & Logan, 2015).

Suggestions for ensuring a state of mindful awareness when in nature will be explored when discussing the use of nature for transformation from the two nature-connected processes the author has developed and uses with clients.

Contact with nature leads to a connection with nature. Schultz (2002) identifies three components necessary for nature connectedness; how much a person identifies with nature, how they care for nature, and how committed they are to take care of the natural environment.

The more time a person spends in nature, the more connected they feel to nature and the more concern they may experience about what’s happening to the natural world (Mayer & Franz, 2004; Nisbet, Zelenski & Murphy, 2009).

Starting from a place of connection with nature in transpersonal coaching is appropriate when a client is not experiencing a state of burnout, or other psychological turmoil, and is looking to deepen their relationship with the natural world around them as a way of exploring their identity as a part of nature.

It is from this place of connection with nature that we are then able to help our coaching clients to use nature as a catalyst, which is where the use of nature in transpersonal coaching has the potential to create transformation.

Taylor (2012) highlights that a similar definition of awakening experiences is Maslow’s concept of peak experiences. Peak experiences are moments when an individual loses track of time and space, experiences a feeling of wholeness and freedom from fear and doubt, feels as if they are fully functional and experiences a state of flow and ease in the present moment (Maslow, 1962).

Maslow (1986) highlighted that a vast majority of peak experiences were associated with and achieved through nature — and that peak experiences were spontaneous and uncontrollable.

So, how can a transpersonal coach use nature as a tool for transformation to create peak experiences or spontaneous awakenings when it’s seemingly impossible to control or artificially create transformative experiences?

Creating Transformative Experiences with Nature

The transpersonal coach starts by considering their client’s existing experiences with the natural world. Buckley & Brough (2017) highlight that there are seven types of experiences an individual can have in nature, starting from a place of low cost, high frequency to high cost, low frequency:

1. Virtual (on-screen only)

2. Incidental (vegetation along roads)

3. Occasional (neighbourhood nature)

4. Visitor (day visits to parks)

5. Immerse (multi-day recreation)

6. Intense (wilderness adventure)

7. Extreme (life changing, life threatening)

Understanding not only these different types of experiences but also what type of nature experiences the client already has had, allows the transpersonal coach to create a tailor-made program designed to support contact with nature, connection to nature and create space for nature to become a catalyst for transformation. This paper will now move onto identifying ways in which nature can be used in transpersonal coaching, touching upon one of the nature-connected processes that I have developed, use with clients and train other coaches to use.

The Nature Process is a simple way of deepening an individual’s connection to nature by encouraging people to be in the body and experience nature through the senses (Jayne, 2017). It involves five steps/principles:

“Natural Presence: Step into a deeper experience of the natural world as you become aware of your 54 senses.

Natural Body: Connect to the wisdom of the body.

Natural Attractions: Let go of stories and beliefs you have about life and learn to think like Nature and as a part of Nature.

Natural Communication: Experience and understand the non-verbal language of Nature.

Natural Release: Feel yourself as a part of a greater whole, Nature, and use your sensory connections to return to a state of balance and well-being.

Practised together, these five principles form the basis of The Nature Process which can be done daily in as little as thirty minutes.” (Jayne, 2017, p. 40).

Within The Nature Process, I have identified five specific techniques that are helpful in creating contact with nature, connection with nature and enable nature to become a catalyst for transformation.

Nature Memory

When a client does not have access to nature, it is possible to use a memory of a favourite time or place in nature instead. This works through the body-mind connection whereby changing the mental thought patterns results in measurable changes in the central nervous system activity (Jacobs, 2001). In this way, focusing intensely on a memory of a time in nature can create a similar response in the body as if the client were actually outside.

Multi-Sensory Awareness

A key element of The Nature Process is a multi-sensory approach. This is an evolutionary adaptation because the quicker you can integrate various sensory experiences, the more chance you have for survival (Jayne, 2020).

The aim of using a multi-sensory approach in a coaching session is to enable the client to create a subtle shift in their state of consciousness and help bring them deeper into the present moment. Using a multi-sensory approach helps create mindful awareness in the client. This ensures that they harness the full benefits of contact with nature upon their well-being (Mantler & Logan, 2015).

To do this the client is asked to describe whatever nature they have access to, whether it be a picture, a nature view from a window, a pot plant or their immediate environment. Focus is put on describing as many sensory experiences as possible and the coach is encouraged to ask as many questions as possible to help the client come fully into the present moment through engagement with the sense.

This is an essential part of applying nature connection to transformation as it is the engagement with the senses first that allows an individual to step into creating meaning from their experience of connecting to nature (Richardson et al., 2020).

Nature Metaphors

Metaphors are a way of understanding an abstract idea by relating it to another concept (Kovecses, 2010). Exploring how nature functions can be a way of helping coaching clients better understand the experiences of their own life. A common metaphor used is the one of the caterpillar/butterfly to explain the process of transformation.

Using metaphors in this manner is particularly helpful in supporting the development of an ecological identity. Our ecological identity is the way in which we view ourselves in relation to the Earth, particularly in terms of personality, values, actions and sense of self (Thomashow, 1996).

Our ecological identity is inherently transpersonal as it creates a connection between what is considered the person and what is considered the world, which is one of Friedman & Hartelius’s (2015) key distinctions in defining transpersonal along with experiences that are considered spiritual.

Nature as an Aspect of Self

This technique goes a step beyond using metaphors into directly working on not only developing the ecological self, but also identifying positive qualities about a client to improve self-esteem. This is the need or want for a secure high assessment of themselves, something which is necessary for everyone in our society, especially if they wish to reach a state of self-actualisation (Maslow, 1943).

Most young people tend to base their self-esteem on the dominant cultural values of their society rather than their own individual values (Becker et al., 2014). This can then create problems when individuals fail to live up to the dominant cultural values of their society, or successfully do. High self-esteem has been both associated with lower depression and anxiety and a greater life satisfaction, though it has also been linked to defensiveness, prejudice, aggression and over-optimistic task persistence (Konrad, 2012).

To use this technique with clients during a coaching session, you first ask them to identify a part of nature that they are drawn to in that moment, whether it be from memory or in real life (Jayne, 2017). Ask them to identify why they like that part of nature. Once they have stated the reasons why, ask them to change the sentence around to state why they like themselves and then observe the thoughts, feelings and sensations that arise as they speak the sentence. For example: I like trees because they are strong and powerful. I like myself because I am strong and powerful.

The space for transformation is created in this technique is through the exploration of how they respond to the statement about themselves and also through an exploration of how they feel about the original statement made about the aspect of nature.

When using this technique, it is key to make explicit the assumption that nature is a reflection of self in order for it to work successfully as this helps identify limiting beliefs that are inhibiting an individual’s growth.

Self-guided Nature-based Imagery

Clients are encouraged to create their own nature-based scenario whilst in a relaxed state with their eyes closed. The aim of this exercise is to encourage clients to not only develop this as a skill that they can use when they don’t have easy access to the natural world but it also helps them tap into their middle unconscious, which is readily accessible through coaching and relates to the most recent past and present time period (Whitmore, 2009).

Following a self-guided nature-based imagery exercise, the transpersonal coach then asks the client questions to explore the significance of any symbolism within the scenario and what the experience meant for the client. Self-guided imagery also has the added benefit of being helpful for emotional self-regulation in healthy people and has the potential to increase productivity in the workplace (Velikova, Sjaaheim & Nordtug, 2017).

However, caution must be taken when using this technique as mental imagery has been shown to negatively impact people suffering from PTSD (Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Brewin, Dalgeish & Joseph, 1996; Holmes, Grey & Young, 2005) eating disorders (Tatham, 2011; Guardia et al., 2010), social anxiety (Hirsh, Clark & Mathews, 2006), depression (Patel et al., 2007) and certain mental health conditions such as bipolar disorder (Holmes et al., 2008) and ADHD (Abraham et al.,2006).

What this paper clearly highlights is the complexity of what it takes to coach with nature. As more and more coaches are inspired to coach outdoors, it is essential that you take into consideration how to coach effectively with clients to ensure a positive and transformative experience.

Gorman (2019) reinforces the importance of this by advising any coach who wants to work with nature outdoors to ensure that you have contracted appropriately with the client, and that you are able to support the client effectively while allowing the connection to nature to emerge and inform the session spontaneously.

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